Localized folding of thick layers

We describe the localized folding of thick layers embedded in a viscoelastic framework. Higher-order partial differential equations such as Swift-Hohenberg equation are standard for modelling process. Using high-order shear theory, we modify to buckling and consider folded layer's behavior. The use enables us strains parallel during folding. Our model naturally captures softening-stiffening behavior by including non-linear description using Winkler-type foundation. Next, study linear stability system derive dispersion relations. Finally, simulate this new robust custom-built isogeometric analysis solver, which allows with numerical results show that an elastic layer produces periodic patterns while deflects locally. When horizontal forces unequal, folds initiate direction smaller force deformations occur larger force. Later, nonlocal deformation occurs Domes basins or more ridges valleys formed according relative magnitudes applied forces. equal forces, non-equal result valleys.